EMPD Report

Potential Use of Bisphosphonates in Invasive Extramammary Paget’s Disease: An Immunohistochemical Investigation

Potential Use of Bisphosphonates in Invasive Extramammary Paget’s Disease: An Immunohistochemical Investigation

Invasive extramammary Paget’s disease (EMPD) is relatively rare and is reported to be highly metastatic to lymph nodes or even other organs, including bone. Histologically, EMPD shows significant numbers of lymphocytes around the tumor mass, suggesting the possible development of novel immunomodulatory therapy for EMPD by targeting these infiltrating lymphocytes. Previously, bisphosphonates (BPs) were administered for the treatment of malignancy, especially osteolytic bone disease. Recent reports also suggested that BPs might have a direct antitumor effect through several pathways beyond their beneficial effect on bone metastasis. Among them, the abrogation of immunosuppressive cells, myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC), by BPs might be one of the optimal methods to induce an antitumor immune response both locally and at sites remote from the tumor. In this study, we employed immunohistochemical staining for immunosuppressive macrophages and cytotoxic T cells in the lesional skin of patients with noninvasive EMPD and those with invasive EMPD.

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Extramammary Paget’s Disease: 20 Years of Experience in Chinese Population

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Extramammary Paget’s Disease: 20 Years of Experience in Chinese Population

Extramammary Paget’s disease is an uncommon intra-epidermal carcinoma of apocrine gland-bearing skin. The most frequently involved anatomical sites include the scrotum, penis, vulva, and perineal and perianal region. Other rare sites of involvement, such as the eyelids [1], axilla, and external auditory canal [2], have been reported. There have been case reports describing ectopic EMPD occurring in areas devoid of apocrine gland, but they are exceedingly rare [3].

In the majority of the cases, the disease is limited to the epidermis. However, it is well known that EMPD has the potential of dermal invasion [4]. Moreover, its association with underlying internal malignancies remained one of the most interesting characteristics of the disease. Data in the literature come from small series and case reports only, especially on Chinese patients.

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Prognosis and Management of Extramammary Paget’s Disease and the Association with Secondary Malignancies

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Prognosis and Management of Extramammary Paget’s Disease and the Association with Secondary Malignancies

Male-to-female ratio was 4:29, and median age was 70 years. Median followup was 68 months, and no patient died from EMPD. The lesion was predominantly found on the vulva (76%). Patch-like, nonconfluent growth was present in 45% of patients, and no patient had pathologic lymph nodes. The most common signs and symptoms were irritation or pruritus (73%) and rash (61%). The presence of patches, invasive tumor growth, or a second malignancy were significantly associated with a higher recurrence rate. The type of operation, either local excision or hemivulvectomy, was not related to the time to recurrence. Complete gross resection was achieved in 94% of cases. Fifty-six percent of patients had microscopically positive margin and this correlated with a significantly higher recurrence rate (p 􏰀 0.002). The tumor recurred clinically in 14 of 33 patients (42%) after a median of 152 months (range 5 to 209 months). In those patients, between one and six reexcisions were performed. In 14 of 33 patients with EMPD (42%), 16 concurrent secondary malignancies were found. Overall survival rates for EMPD patients were similar to those of the general population.

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Perianal extramammary paget's disease associated with primary linitis plastica of the rectum: Report of a case

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Perianal extramammary paget's disease associated with primary linitis plastica of the rectum: Report of a case

We report herein a case of perianal extramammary Paget's disease associated with primary linitis plastica of the rectum. An 82-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital for investigation and treatment of a perianal eczematous lesion. A skin biopsy of the lesion revealed perianal extramammary Paget's disease and a barium enema demonstrated diffuse narrowing with an irregular contour at the ampulla recti. Under a suspected diagnosis of linitis plastica of the rectum, an abdominoperineal resection was performed to resect both the rectal and perianal lesions with regional lymphadenectomy. Grossly, marked narrowing and wall thickness were observed at the lower rectum, and a histological diagnosis of signet ring cell carcinoma was confirmed. The perianal eczematous lesion revealed many atypical cells with clear cytoplasm, being Paget cells, throughout the entire epidermis. Sparse distributions of signet ring cells were also observed in the subcutaneous tissue beneath the perianal eczematous lesion. The pathogenesis of perianal extramammary Paget's disease in this patient was therefore considered to be an intraepidermal extension of primary linitis plastica of the rectum.

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Ultrastructural study of extramammary Paget's disease -- histologically showing transition from bowenoid pattern to Paget's disease pattern.

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Ultrastructural study of extramammary Paget's disease -- histologically showing transition from bowenoid pattern to Paget's disease pattern.

Histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural studies were performed on two cases of histologically unusual extramammary Paget's disease. Histologically, the central area of the lesions showed a bowenoid pattern, and the peripheral area showed typical extramammary Paget's disease. The transition zone showed an intermediate pattern. All these areas were positive for CEA and EMA, and negative for S-100 protein. Ultrastructurally, in the intermediate pattern, the tumour cells had abundant cytoplasmic glycogen, and the widened intercellular spaces contained numerous glycogen particles, which were probably secreted by the tumour cells. It is well known that eccrine glands, but not apocrine glands, secrete glycogen particles. Therefore, the present findings suggest that some cases of extramammary Paget's disease are a proliferation of germinative cells with eccrine gland differentiation.

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